Essay on The Columbian Exchange Between the Old World...

The Columbian Exchange is a global exchange of goods and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) and the New World (America). When Columbus first discovered America, Spain wanted to set up colonies. Columbus found some people that he named â€Å"Indians.† They colonies started to trade with each other, and by doing do, they started the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. This exchange of new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Native Americans gave and received many items. One of the most important items that the Indians received was horses. Before horses, Indians had no way of carrying heavy loads from place to place. When†¦show more content†¦Another important item was that the Europeans introduced to them were different types of medicine. The Indians already had medicine and healing (herbs) of their own, but the European way was much more effective. In return, the Indians also gave the Europeans some herbal treatments. Europe, Asia, and Africa received many goods, such as sweet potatoes, potatoes and tobacco. Both types of potato influenced many countries diets including China and Ireland. Tobacco was another important addition to Europe and other places in the Old World. Many people loved it. They could chew it, smoke it and snuff it. These who sold the tobacco made a lot of money. Also, many new vegetables from the New World such as tomatoes, peppers and corn went to the Old World and added to people’s diets, which resulted in better health because they received more nutrition and vitamins from the new foods. Along with all the positive things that the Columbian Exchange, there were negative things passed between the two worlds. Europeans diseases came to the New World. Diseases such as typhus, chicken pox, small pox and influenza plagued the Native Americans. Since they had never been exposed to these diseases, most of them were virtually wiped out from the sickness. In Europe, tobacco love was growing and soon it became a problem. Many people were getting sick or dying from starting to make and smoke cigars with the tobacco. Today, America, Asia, Europe, Japan and Africa stillShow MoreRelatedWhat Was The Columbian Exchange? Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesOnce in the New World Columbus ran into a native people and decided to name them Indians. This accidental finding of the Americas ignited the first contact ever between the Western and Eastern hemisphere. The result of this was The Columbian Exchange in which there was a large trade of animals, plants, technology, culture, slaves, diseases, and even new religions. This exchange effected the way Europeans, Americans, Asians, and Africans lived their daily lives. The Columbian exchange was by far oneRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange : A World Drift That Carried The Old And New World907 Words   |  4 Pageswas a world drift that carried the Old and New Worlds apart, which made a split between the North and South. The separation lasted so long it caused the development of rattlesnakes on one side of the Atlantic and vipers on the other. After 1492, human vo yagers had their artificial establishment of connections through the Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria, which was known as the Columbian Exchange. The exchange is the ecological events of the past millennium.The Columbian Exchange hadRead MoreIndians And The Columbian Exchange1487 Words   |  6 Pages The Columbian Exchange is a huge exchange of goods and ideas between the old world and the new world. The old world is considered Europe, Asia and Africa and the new world is considered America. Their colonies started to trade with each other and that’s when they formed the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. The exchange of the new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Natives gave and receivedRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† refers to the massive transfer of life between the Afro-Eurasian and American hemispheres that was precipitated by Columbus’ voyage to the New World . It was known as the widespread interchange of plants, animals, diseases, culture, human populations and technology between Europe and the Americas. After Columbus’ arrival to the Americas, the plant, an imal and bacterial life began to mix between the Americas, which was also referred to as the â€Å"New World† and Europe,Read MoreThe Columbian Exchange Statistics782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange Statistics By the Numbers Estimated population of Europe in 1492: about 60 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1492: 40-100 million Estimated population of Europe in 1800: 150 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1800: 25 million (the vast majority of whom were of European or African descent) Major domesticated animals in the New World in 1492: dog, llama Major domesticated animals in the Old World in 1492: horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chickenRead MoreThe Impact Of The Columbian Exchange On The New World1051 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the discovery of the New World, a new era opened that would come to be known as the Columbian Exchange. With the transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas, good came from the Columbian Exchange which became a possibility after Christopher Columbus set sail in 1492, giving him full credit for this duration. The plants associated with the Columbian Exchange affected the Old and New Worlds by providing success in agriculture as well as technologicalRead MoreThe Term Effects Of The Columbian Exchange On The Old World712 Words   |  3 PagesWhen people think of the Columbian Exchange they remember all of the great things such as the exchange of goods that we cherish today. Things such as crops, ideas, and animals between the Old World(Afro-Eurasia) and the New World(The Americas) that helped to cultivate the world we live in today.But at what price did this diffusion of goods cost? Although the Columbian Exchange brought the goods we value today such as animals, plants, and the exchange of ideas, It would also bring long term effectsRead MoreEffects of Columbian Exchange Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of the Columbian Exchange It was the year 1492, and a man by the name of Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain where he then landed in the present day Americas, sparking one of the most important events in the world, the Columbian exchange. The Columbian exchange has shaped the world to what it is today with the exchange of goods from the Old World to the New World, and vice versa. The Columbian exchange caused numerous short and long-term effects in the Americas and many otherRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1498 Words   |  6 Pagesvery first step in starting the Columbian exchange. The Columbian exchange was the process of the New World and the Old World transferring ideas, plants, animals, culture, human populations, and manufactured goods across the Atlantic Ocean throughout the 15th and the 16th century. Even though there were many positive results out of the exchange including the finding of the Americas, new plant and animal species, and the Europeans gaining more land to grow their Old-World crops, the overall effects wereRead MorePositive And Negative Impacts Of The Columbian Exchange1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Columbian exchange has helped to double the world’s population between 1650 and 1850. The exchange introduced to the new and old worlds to a variety of things that undoubtedly has shaped the world in time that followed. The Columbian Exchange refers the time that resulted after Christopher Columbus and other explorers discovered the land that would become known as the Americas and many islands, such as Bermuda and the Caribbean. This age of exploration and discovery introduced the newly discovered

College Essay Headers - Some Basic Information

College Essay Headers - Some Basic InformationCollege essay headers are used to get the reader's attention in a hurry. A college essay should be just that. It should grab the attention of the reader and keep it for as long as possible. If you find that your college essay is getting a little bit dry, then it might be time to try a new one.Before starting a header, it is important to know exactly what type of header you need. There are four types of headers, depending on whether the writing is an essay or a report. These are: Author's Note, Question, Introduction, and Conclusion. So, now that you know what each one of these looks like, let's take a look at them.An author's note is a brief statement that allows the reader to know who the writer is. An example would be, 'This is my writing for college. I'm focusing on personal issues this semester. If you have any questions about this, feel free to contact me.' The advantage of using an author's note is that it allows the reader to know who wrote the piece.The next type of header is the question. In this type of header, the writer must not only answer the question but also provide enough information for the reader to find out more about the topic. For example, 'How can you use your feelings for your relationship to become stronger?' An example might be, 'The question of how can you use your feelings for your relationship to become stronger has been asked a lot, and I want to offer you the best answers possible.'The last type of header is called an introduction. It serves as the introduction of the rest of the piece and should not be very long. An example of an introduction would be, 'In college, I discovered that it is really important to pay attention to what others say and write about themselves.'The conclusion is the last section of the piece. The conclusion is designed to lead into the body of the essay or report. In most cases, the conclusion will not exceed three pages.Now that you know what type of header to use, it is time to learn how to create a header. You can use a template, which is a great way to get started. You can also start with one of the sample essays available online, then work your way from there.Remember, the key to writing a college essay is to use a combination of headers to grab the reader's attention. A well-written header will not only make the piece easier to read, but it will also make it more memorable. Be sure to learn the best ways to do this so that you can enjoy your writing process.

How to Write an Essay - Getting Help to Write Your Essay

How to Write an Essay - Getting Help to Write Your EssayIn the essay writing process, finding ways to help you write an essay is a surefire way to make sure you have a good grade. The essay writing process is a process that is not going to be easy but it is something that everyone has to go through in order to get good grades at school.Many people are trying to avoid writing an essay by avoiding it altogether. As you try to avoid writing an essay, you will find that you will get less out of your courses as a result.It can be difficult to write an essay without a specific topic. You need to come up with an idea and it will be best if you focus on an idea that you know you are going to need to look at. You should see if you can do your homework first.If you feel that you need to take some time to do some research, you can take a test or two. The only problem is that many of the tests will require you to write your essay in a certain way. You may need to study the idea before you start writing.You will need to look at how other people will be doing their writing. This means that you will need to look at how others will be using examples and how they will be using different styles of writing. By doing this, you will be able to determine which type of writing that you need to use and you will be able to find the best way to do so.When you do your research, you will be able to find different writing styles and you will be able to see how these different styles will affect your essay. You may not like how one writer uses words while another uses more creative words. By doing this, you will be able to find the style that is most appropriate for your essay.By doing all of this, you will be able to improve the quality of your essays. And as a result, you will be able to get a better grade in your class.

The First Modern War Free Essays

Samuel Santiuste Ms. Engelken US History I Honors May 13, 2011 The First Modern War While reading history, we typically see that wars were typically fought with soldiers in close- order formations with a musket that would be fired in unison on command. Everything changed after the American Civil War, a conflict to determine the fate of slaves in the Union, erupted. We will write a custom essay sample on The First Modern War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today many historians consider the Civil War as the first modern war because it depended on: heavy industry, fast communication and transportation. But this time all of these new technologies were used to its full potential. As a result new weapon technology was mass produced which inflicted heavy losses on both the Union and the Confederate sides and resulted in improved battlefield medicine. Years before the Civil War, soldiers would normally carry muskets that had a fire range of about 250 yards. But although this weapon had an amazing range, the musket only held and fired one bullet at a time and it hit random targets. The accuracy of the musket was from about 80 yards and this caused many of the battles to be fought at a close range. Then, in 1848 the French officer named Claude-Etienne Minie took the design of a bullet that expanded upon fired and â€Å"simplified and improved on earlier designs–including those developed by Britain’s Captain John Norton (1818) and William Greener (1836)† to make the bullet that bears its name: the Minie ball (Minie Ball). This new bullet combined with the rifle made a terrific duo because the range of the weapon was from 200-250 yards with a terrific accuracy. To show the bullet’s power alone, during the Crimean War of 1853-56 â€Å"the bullet so improved the effectiveness of infantry troops that 150 soldiers using the Minie ball could equal the firing power of more than 500 with a traditional musket and ammunition† (Minie Ball). When this weapon was introduced to the Civil War, the old model of warfare became obsolete right away because the infantry along with the cavalry could not charge against the enemy as they used to. Other weapons that came into action in the Civil War were not as deadly as the Minie ball but had a big impact on surviving. Despite the fact that the Minie ball was easy to load, soldiers still had to pause in the middle of the action to reload their guns, and this made them easy targets. By 1863, there was a new weapon that solved this problem called repeating rifle because it could fired more than one bullet before the needing of a reload. The most famous type was the Spencer carbine. But like many other technology, this weapon was only available to the Northerners. Many Southerners thought that this weapon was unfair and one Union soldier once wrote: â€Å"they say we are not fair, that we have guns that we load up on Sunday and shoot all the rest of the week† (Civil War Technology). At the end of the war, the statistics showed that the Minie ball combined with the rifle did the most damage because â€Å"with more than 200,000 soldiers killed and more than 400,000 wounded, 90 percent of these causalities were caused by these weapons† (Minie Ball). On the same year that the Civil War started, President Lincoln ordered a blockade on the Confederates to stop their cotton trade and split the confederacy. So to counter attack the Union, many advances in naval warfare were flourishing which led to the built of the H. L. Hunley, which was the first ever effective submarine developed by the Confederates. This Confederate submarine was created to destroy the Union blockade wooden ships with the use of torpedoes that were attached along a long steak that exploded upon contact or by a timer. But before the submarine was ready to attack, it sank three times and on the fourth tried â€Å"it was sent out to attack the U. S. S. Housatonic, and detonated its torpedo, sinking the Housatonic and thereby becoming the first submarine to ever sink an enemy vessel† (Dutch). Despite the best efforts the submarine sank with the blast. Another incredible invention that changed the nature of warfare in the seas was when the ironclad warships came into action. This time both sides had their own version of the ironclad which was powered by a steam engine: Union had the U. S. S. Monitor and the Confederates the C. S. S. Virginia or Merrimack. Once again the Confederates tried to destroy the Union ships using an ironclad â€Å"built upon the charred remains of a burnt wooden warship, clad completely in iron plating down to the waterline and bristling with cannons† (White). This warship just went straight for the blockade in Virginia, and although it was hit by explosives and other heavy artillery the damage was minimal. And this is just a brief view of what might the battle would have been like by Professor J Rickard with the Virginia: On 8 March 1862 she steamed out of Norfolk to attack the Union blockading fleet. Her ten guns were opposed to 219 Union guns on five ships, but the Union ships didn’t stand a chance. First to go was the U. S. S. Cumberland (24 guns), rammed and sunk. The only serious damage inflicted to the Virginia was that her ram broke off and remained stuck in the Cumberland. All of this meant that the Union needed reinforcement, so they sent the Monitor to save the day. These ships battled for â€Å"several hours as their shells and shot bounced off each other’s thick armor plating† and the match might have ended in a tie as there were no records telling who won (White). As the iron-clad demonstrated their power, the old wooden ships became obsolete. Even though there was fascinating technology being used in the Civil War, the only two â€Å"weapons† that President Lincoln that used the most were the train and the telegraph. Although the railroads were still a new concept because they were not used much for military purposes, they were still used to attack the enemy and replenish troops. The Union owned about 21,000 miles of railroad tracks while the Confederates only owned about 9,000 miles. Since the beginning of the war both sides used trains to transport ammunition and soldiers to the front lines faster than ever before. Because the trains played a very important role in the war, the enemy used â€Å"rail twisters and devices to blow up railroad bridges and other infrastructure and even some troops specialized in destroying railroad equipment as their sole-role in the war† (AE Aeragon) . Most of the time trains were used for transportation, but on special occasions they were used as rams. Sometimes troops would send trains at full speed to â€Å"damage an enemy train or railroad facilities, or to attack troops and even to destroy bridges† (Koenig). This experienced Confederates soldiers when they saw a train on flames aiming straight for them. Now, the telegraph was located along the railroad tracks and this meant that the North had the upper hand because they have the most railroad miles. The telegraph helped President Lincoln from the White House â€Å"to monitor battlefield reports, lead real-time strategy meetings and deliver orders to his men† (Civil War Technology). This turn out to be a great advantage for the North because they still required the technology and industry to carry out communication tasks. And by 1862 the U. S. Military Telegraph Corps â€Å"trained 1,200 operators, strung 4,000 miles telegraph wire and had sent more than 1,000,000 messages back and for† (Koenig). This alone can tell that during this war that the president was actually involved more than in past wars. Throughout the entire Civil War, diseases were killing more people than weapons because people had little knowledge about the silent killers called germs. Since the beginning of the Civil War in the spring of 1861 â€Å"medically, the United States was woefully prepared and scientists, meanwhile, had yet to come up with the theory that germs cause diseases† (Sohn). This meant that doctors did not know that they should always wash their instruments before operating and the hospital hygiene was very poor which led to disease breakouts. But problems led to many medical advances such as the protocol to treat the injuries. This system was created by Jonathan Letterman, a Union surgeon, who â€Å"created a well-organized system of care that began with triage close to the source of harm and was followed by rapid transportation to a series of clinics, hospitals and specialists† (Sohn). This medical protocol is still essential today. While there medical advancements, many improvements on neurology came about. Physicians began â€Å"the study of phantom limbs, the perception of a missing arm or leg as present and painful† (White). The American physician S. Weir Mitchell discovered phenomenon such as the shell shock and posttraumatic stress syndrome. One of the ways that physicians noticed these problems were when soldiers would freeze or started to shake wildly and many thought it was because that person was a coward. So Mitchell and his colleague, Jacob da Costa, â€Å"came into a conclusion which was that the soldiers were suffering from mental problems, stress and heart diseases† (White). To treat these problems, they said it was necessary the removal and rest from the source causing the stress. The Civil War, an event that could have or could have not being avoided, shaped the future of the entire world. The war had a great impact on anything that ranged from weapons to medicine. It also leaded to the creation of new technology such as the telephone and the improvement on the medical field. Although the war brought many innovations to the United Sates, it is still the bloodiest one in the American history because people from the same nation were being killed and it is similar to what the British Novelists Agatha Christie said about war: One is left with the horrible feeling now that war settles nothing; that to win a war is as disastrous as to lose one. Works Cited â€Å"Civil War Technology. † 2011. The History Channel website. Apr. 27 2011, 11:04 http://www. history. com/topics/civil-war-technology. Dutch, Steven. â€Å"The First Modern War and the Last Ancient War. † University of Wisconsin – Green Bay. N. p. , 02 Jun 2010. Web. 27 Apr 2011. http://www. uwgb. edu/dutchs/westtech/x1stmodw. htm. Koenig, Alan R. â€Å"Railroad’s Critical Role in the Civil War. † America’s Civil War 1996: n. pag. Web. 27 Apr 2011. http://www. historynet. com/railroads-critical-role-in-the-civil-war. htm. â€Å"Minie Ball. † 2011. The History Channel website. Apr. 27 2011, 11:03 http://www. history. com/topics/minie-ball. Rickard, J (1 May 2006), American Civil War: The Blockade and the War at Sea, http://www. historyofwar. rg/articles/wars_american_civil_war09_waratsea. html. Sohn, Emily. â€Å"How the Civil War Changed Modern Medicine. † Discovery News. N. p. , 08 Apr. 2011. Web. 27 Apr 2011. http://news. discovery. com/history/civil-war-modern-medicine-110331. html. Stevens, Anthony. Roots of War and Terror. New York: Cromwell Press Ltd, 2044. 212. eBook. â€Å"The US Civil War, the First Modern War. † AE Aeragon. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Apr 2011. http://www. aeragon. com/03/index. html. White, David. â€Å"Born in the USA: A New World of War. † History Today 60. 6 (2010): 12. Points of View Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 27 Apr. 2011. How to cite The First Modern War, Papers

Stop Punishing The Sick Essays - Drug Culture, Cannabis,

Stop Punishing the Sick The advanced stages of many illnesses and their treatments are often unbearable; intractable nausea and pain frequently accompany them. Medications prescribed, at times, cause more distress then the ailment in which they are intended to remedy. Many patients suffering from such debilitating diseases as cancer, AIDS or Multiple Sclerosis have turned to a more natural source of pain reliever and choose to smoke marijuana. The American government has held a prohibition of marijuana for the past seventy years; this means the possession of marijuana is unlawful (Fratello, 721). Patients tormented by excruciating afflictions and their families have risked fines and jail time in the effort of relieving their discomfort. These patients should be able to utilize the treatment of their choice, free from the fear of persecution and without the stigma of being considered a criminal. This may be possible with the pharmacological reclassification of the drug marijuana. Eight states so far have passed initiatives making it legal for physicians, in these states, to prescribe marijuana to seriously ill patients, California (with prop 215) and Arizona being the first in 1996 and Hawaii being the most recent, passing its bill in April 2000. This was a signal of progress in an area that has long been in need of reform. Within weeks after voters approved the propositions in California and Arizona protecting doctors and patients from persecution for prescribing medical marijuana, the federal government stepped in. Attorney General Janet Reno threatened that any physician who prescribed marijuana to patients could have the privilege of writing prescriptions revoked and be denied Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. President Clinton asserted that doctors would be committing a federal offence and be open to fines and possibly imprisonment (Kassirer, 366). According to a poll commissioned by the American Civil Liberties Union in 1998 79% of the American publ ic said they thought it "would be a good idea to legalize marijuana to relieve pain and for other medical uses if prescribed by a doctor." (Glasser, ACLU) It is wrong for the government to counteract a bill that is so overwhelmingly supported by society. The government has long contended that marijuana has adverse long-term effects on organs in the body and that it is highly addictive. For many patients employing marijuana as alleviation to their distress, this is not applicable because most of the diseases being treated are fatal. The person would most likely have passed on when the negative effects are said to show up. It should not be too concerning also for those patients employing marijuana for relief from a nonfatal impairment such as glaucoma or arthritis. The claim that marijuana kills brain cells and is harmful to body organs has been traced back to a study conducted in 1970 where scientists continuously exposed Rhesus Monkeys to high concentrations of marijuana smoke for six months. The study was found to have many methodological errors. A repeat study conducted by the National Center for Toxicology Research in 1991, again using Rhesus Monkeys, failed to turn up any marijuana related brain damage at all (Fratello, 721). The se claims constitute false drug war rhetoric used as scare tactics. Drugs are classified into five degrees, ranging from highly dangerous drugs in Schedule I to over the counter medications and vitamins in Schedule IV. Schedule I drugs are defined by the Drug enforcement Administration as "unsafe, highly subject to abuse and possessing no medical value"(Schleichert, 54). These drugs include Heroin, Cocaine and marijuana. Schedule II drugs are considered to be potentially addictive but with some accepted medical value, these drugs are available by prescription. It seems hypocritical to classify morphine and Taxifimil, which carry such negative side effects as vomiting, dependency and withdrawals, as a Schedule II drug while leaving marijuana as a Schedule I drug. There is also a risk of death associated with taking high doses of such drugs as Morphine. There is no such risk associated with smoking marijuana. Dr Jerome P. Kassirer from the New England Journal of Medicine proposes a change in laws in the fallowing: "The government should change marijuana's status from that of a Schedule I drug to that of a Schedule II drug and regulate it accordingly. To ensure proper distribution and use, the

Países para obtener las visas H-2A y H-2B en 2019

Paà ­ses para obtener las visas H-2A y H-2B en 2019 Las visas H-2A y H-2B permiten a trabajadores extranjeros trabajar temporalmente en EE.UU. Para sacarlas es requisito indispensable ser ciudadano de determinados paà ­ses. Esta es la lista que aplica en 2019. Paà ­ses que permiten sacar las visas H-2a y H-2b A partir del 18 de enero de 2019, segà ºn ha publicado el Registro Federal de los Estados Unidos, y por validez de un aà ±o, los ciudadanos de 84 paà ­ses pueden beneficiarse de las visas H-2A que autorizan a trabajar temporalmente en labores agrà ­colas en EE.UU. Sin embargo, solamente los nacionales de 81 paà ­ses pueden solicitar la visa H-2B, para desempeà ±ar labores temporales no agrà ­colas. En el listado que sigue a continuacià ³n se listan los paà ­ses autorizados, con especificacià ³n de los restringidos solamente a la visa H-2A. AlemaniaAndorraArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBarbadosBà ©lgicaBrasilBruneiBulgariaCanadChileColombiaCorea del SurCosta RicaCroaciaDinamarcaEcuadorEl SalvadorEslovaquiaEsloveniaEspaà ±aEstoniaFijiFinlandiaFranciaGranadaGreciaGuatemalaHolandaHondurasHungrà ­aIrlandaIsla Salomà ³nIslandiaIsraelItaliaJamaicaJapà ³nKiribatiLetoniaLichtensteinLituaniaLuxemburgoMacedoniaMadagascarMaltaMà ©xicoMoldavia (solamente visa H-2A)Mà ³nacoMongoliaMontenegroMozambiqueNauruNicaraguaNoruegaNueva ZelandaPanamPapà ºa Nueva GuineaParaguay (solamente visa H-2A)Perà ºPoloniaPortugalReino UnidoRepà ºblica ChecaRepà ºblica Dominicana (solamente visa H-2A)Rumanà ­aSamoaSan MarinoSerbiaSingaporeSt. Vincent y GranadinaSudfricaSueciaSuizaTailandiaTaiwnTimorTogoTurquà ­aTuvaluUcraniaUruguayVanuatu Entre las novedades de este aà ±o destacan, por un lado, la inclusià ³n de Paraguay para las visas H-2A y, por otro, la exclusià ³n de Repà ºblica Dominicana del listado de paà ­ses con visas H-2B. La inclusià ³n de Paraguay fue justificada por el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) por el bajo porcentaje de paraguayos con visa que exceden el tiempo mximo autorizado de estancia en Estados Unidos y por la colaboracià ³n del gobierno paraguayo en los casos de deportaciones o expulsiones de sus nacionales. Por el contrario, se ha excluido a Repà ºblica Dominicana de las visas H-2B por el alto porcentaje –superior al 30 por ciento–de nacionales con esa visa que se quedaban en EE.UU. ms tiempo del autorizado. Las personas que por su nacionalidad estn excluidas de aplicar para estas visas pueden estar interesadas en considerar trabajar en un crucero, cuyas visas –C1/D– no excluyen a ningà ºn paà ­s. Existen agencias con buena reputacià ³n especializadas en emplear trabajadores extranjeros para cruceros y los salarios son superiores al salario mà ­nimo en EE.UU. Informacià ³n bsica sobre las visas H-2A y H-2B Las dos visas son muy parecidas y brindan la posibilidad de trabajar temporalmente en Estados Unidos, la H-2A en agricultura y la H-2B en trabajos no agrà ­colas como pueden ser, por ejemplo, hoteles, ferias ambulantes conocidas como Carnivals o resorts. Para ambas visas es requisito imprescindible que un empleador estadounidense o una agencia intermediaria que trabaja con las empresas americanas inicien la tramitacià ³n ya que deben obtener una certificacià ³n del Departamento de Trabajo y la aprobacià ³n del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a de los Estados Unidos (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Es decir, no se trata de que si una persona extranjera desea una de estas visas puede solicitarla en el consulado. En otras palabras, es imprescindible obtener antes un contrato por parte de una empresa estadounidense que es quien obtiene los permisos y quien pone en marcha la tramitacià ³n antes las autoridades. Una vez iniciado este proceso ya se indicar al trabajador extranjero cundo debe presentarse a la embajada o al consulado de los Estados Unidos correspondiente para la entrevista para la visa. Cabe destacar que las empresas estadounidenses, aunque lo quisieran, no pueden contratar a todos los trabajadores estacionales extranjeros para visas H-2B que quieran. Cada aà ±o fiscal puede concederse un mximo anual de 66,000 visas para esta categorà ­a, 33.000 son asignadas en la primera mitad del aà ±o fiscal y las restantes en la segunda. Una vez que se llena el cupo no se pueden emitir ms visas en esta categorà ­a. Las excepciones son los trabajadores contratados por estos visados para trabajar en la industria de las huevas de pescado o aquellos que desempeà ±en servicios en Guam o en las Islas Marianas (territorios de los Estados Unidos en el Pacà ­fico). Sin embargo, las visas H-2A no tienen là ­mite anual y estn entre las que en los à ºltimos aà ±os han visto incrementar ms sus nà ºmeros. Los mexicanos son el 90 por ciento del total de visas emitidas en esta categorà ­a y North Carolina Growers Association y Washington Farm Labor Association son los mayores patrocinadores. Adems, hay el problema de los fraudes tanto en la visa H-2A como en la H-2B. Algunos patrones pagan menos de lo que corresponde. Hay que destacar que los extranjeros con estas visas pagan impuestos y que tienen derecho a cobrar, al menos, el salario mà ­nimo. Otra fuente de problemas son algunas agencias, que pueden ser fraudulentas. Se recomienda verificar las opiniones y experiencias de otros trabajadores con la misma visa y en el caso de Mà ©xico checar este listado de ms de 60 reclutadores  para visas H-2A y H-2B. En algunos casos la organizacià ³n sin fin de lucro Contratados es una buena fuente para verificar si una agencia o reclutador cumple lo que promete. Puntos Clave: paà ­ses visas H-2A y H-2B Las visas H-2A permiten trabajar temporalmente en agricultura en EE.UU.Las visas H-2B permiten trabajar temporalmente en trabajos no agrà ­colas en EE.UU. Hay un là ­mite anual de 66.000 visas que pueden ser emitidas para esta categorà ­a.Nà ºmero de paà ­ses cuyos nacionales pueden obtener una H-2A: 84Nà ºmero de paà ­ses cuyos nacionales pueden obtener una H-2B:81Paà ­ses hispanohablantes que pueden optar a la H-2A: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Espaà ±a, Guatemala, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Panam, Paraguay, Perà º, Repà ºblica Dominicana y Perà º.Paà ­ses hispanohablantes que pueden optar a la H-2B: los mismos que en el listado anterior excepto Paraguay y Repà ºblica Dominicana.Requisito indispensable: que una empresa estadounidense inicie el proceso de los papeles directamente o a travà ©s de una agencia o reclutador. En ningà ºn caso el trabajador puede iniciar los trmites. Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Business Writing Training Guidelines for Performance Appraisals

Business Writing Training Guidelines for Performance Appraisals Performance appraisals play an important role in motivating your employees and in encouragingthem to work to the best of their abilities. Appraisals provide an opportunity to shine for many, and anopportunityto reflect for others. Business writing training guidelines assist the difficult task for bothbusiness owners and managers to evaluate employee performance against quantifiable Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Business writing training guidelines will also help individuals better document their achievements during their annual performance review. Writing a performance appraisal report is often cumbersome. Many companies use pre-written templates to prepare such appraisals, and this regimented approach is not always effective. Business writing trainingprovidesmanagers the business writing skillsto effectivelyprovide employees more data regarding their performance. Similarly, the directorship in many businesses requires in-depth employee performance analysis before they make any decision regarding payroll and promotion. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, '68b80d4a-2e12-4e12-a6e9-b258b38b08c3', {}); Despite its apparent complexities, writing performance appraisals is a fairly easy task. Here’s a look at fourbusiness writing training guidelines to help bothmanagers and individual employees write relevant and accurate performance appraisal reports. Keep the Audience in Mind Appraisal reports are written for the senior management in your organization. Put yourself in your manager’s position and consider: What does your boss want in this appraisal report? What good will this information do forhim or her? How will the report help in assessing the employee’s performance? The first step towards drafting an effective performance appraisal report is to keep your target audience in mind. There’s a famous business clichà © that says, â€Å"what counts is what'scounted†. This should be your focus. Analyze all indices and factors that seem relevant for the employee appraisal. Be Neutral Once you know who your target audience is, the next step is to maintain a certain level of neutrality in the performance appraisal. It is very easy to sway off course when preparing or filling out the appraisal report. As an employee, you need to address all the core areas of interest to your boss on a timely basis. Do this before they introduce any ancillary content to the performance appraisal report. As a manager, you need to share with your employees all the information and performance metrics against which employee productivity will be measured. Keep Track of All Achievements As a manager, you need to create an electronic record for your employees' achievementsthroughout the year. The same rule applies to employees as well. Scan your email for any recommendations or stand-out recognition you have received. Such exercises are are helpful, but consistent tracking is better. The best approach is to create a tracking documentthat lists all your achievements as they occur. These achievements should be in line with the performance indices used in your appraisal report. Whenever you receiveany recognitionemail or acknowledgement for your hard work, add it to your tracking document. This will provide accuracy and reliability to your performance appraisal report and help you assemble accurate facts. Mind Your Language Performance appraisal reports are very specific in nature. They determineincrements to your salary, bonuses, perks or even a better position. Therefore, it is important that you use the right tone, with accurate sentences and specific verbs to describe your performance. Use evocative words that specificallysummarize your achievements. Instead of relying on long and unending sentences, use short and precise words and phrases. Avoid businessclichà ©s that don't really mean anything specific, such as "passionate marketer" or "committed team member." Instead, be specific about your actual accomplishments. To learn more on how to improve business writing for your employees, downloadâ€Å"Four Steps to Improve Your Team’s Business Writing Skills.†